Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome in patients with COVID-19 infection: is there a link? A systematic review and case report analysis.

During the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, several cases of Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and of Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) in COVID-19 patients have been reported, but the link between these syndromes and COVID-19 is unclear. We performed a systematic review, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement to evaluate whether SARS-CoV2 infection or the drugs used to treat it could be deemed potential risk factors for PRES or RCVS. We performed a literature search. We found 70 articles (60 on PRES and 10 on RCVS) concerning n = 105 patients (n = 85 with PRES, n = 20 with RCVS). We analyzed the clinical characteristics of the two populations separately, then performed an inferential analysis to search for other independent risk factors. We found fewer than usual PRES-related (43.9%) and RCVS-related (45%) risk factors in patients with COVID-19. Such a low incidence of risk factors for PRES and RCVS might suggest the involvement of COVID-19 as an additional risk factor for both diseases due to its capability to cause endothelial dysfunction. We discuss the putative mechanisms of endothelial damage by SARS-CoV2 and antiviral drugs which may underlie the development of PRES and RCVS.

MONETARY POLICY AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS: A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE

This paper focuses on central banks' interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis and their impacts on income distribution across Europe, particularly as regards Switzerland and the euro area. The first section offers a survey of the monetary policy tools that have been put into practice to deal with the macroeconomic shock resulting from this pandemic. The second section points out the impact of central banks' interventions on the whole economic system, before elaborating on the distributive effects of them. The third section suggests an alternative monetary policy stance to reduce the latter effects and to enhance sustainable development for the common good.Alternate :El presente artículo analiza las intervenciones de los bancos centrales durante la crisis de la pandemia COVID-19 y sus impactos en la distribución del ingreso en Europa, en particular en lo que concierne a Suiza y el área del euro. Después de la introducción, la segunda parte ofrece una revisión de los instrumentos de política monetaria puestos en práctica para confrontar el choque resultante de esta pandemia. La tercera parte enfatiza el impacto de las intervenciones de los bancos centrales en todo el sistema económico, previo al escrutinio de sus efectos distributivos, y la cuarta sugiere un enfoque alternativo de política monetaria para atenuar estos efectos y para mejorar el desarrollo sustentable de los bienes comunes.